经颅多普勒微栓子监测临床研究进展 头部经颅多普勒检查没有栓子信号

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  微栓子为缺血性卒中发作独立危险因素之一,对其实时监测意义重大。经颅多普勒(transcranial Doppler,TCD)微栓子监测技术可以无创、实时、动态地检测循环中的微栓子,大量文献报道关于TCD微栓子监测在缺血性脑血管病高危人群中的研究价值。本文就微栓子监测临床研究进展作一综述。�
  1 经颅多普勒微栓子监测发展史�
  1990年,SPENCER等[1]在颈动脉内膜切除术的脑血流监测中发现,血流中通过的血小板或血栓碎片等固体颗粒可被TCD检测到,其称为微栓子信号(MES)。1995年,Stroke发表了关于MES诊断标准的专家共识[2]:MES出现于血流频谱中,短时程(   6 总结与展望�
  目前,微栓子TCD检测技术已得到广泛应用,MES阳性已作为缺血性卒中独立危险因素。利用TCD对脑卒中高危人群进行微栓子普查,早期发现缺血性卒中、颈动脉病变、有潜在心源性栓子来源患者的微栓子信号,能够及时地采取针对性防治措施,对减少或预防缺血性脑卒中的发生有重要意义。在溶栓和抗凝治疗过程中,MES减少或消失是治疗有效的依据之一。糖尿病促发血管内皮的损伤及动脉斑块的形成,尤其是不稳定斑块的形成,而引起微栓子形成的增多。因此对糖尿病患者进行MES监测,预测心脑缺血性疾病及周围血管病变等的发生,为预防性治疗提供依据。随着TCD技术的日益完善,自动检测方法的快速发展,TCD 微栓子监测技术作为无创性检测手段,有着广泛的应用前景。�
  
  参考文献�
  [1]Spencer MP,Thomas Gl,Nicholls SC,et al. Detection of middle cerebral artery emboli during carotid endarterectomy using transcranial Doppler uhrasonography.Stroke,1990,21(3):415-423.�
  [2]Jconsensus Committee of the Ninth International Cerebral Heinedynamic Symposium. Basic identification criteria of Doppler microembolic signals.Stroke,1995,26(6):1123-1124.�
  [3]European Stroke Organisation(ESO)Executive Committee,Guidelines for management of ischemic stroke and translate ischemic attack 2008.Cerebmvasc Dis,2008,25(5):457-507.�
  [4]Newell DW, Stolz E, Kaps M, et al. Microembolic signal in circulatory system.Transcranial Doppler.New York:Raven Press,1992:207.�
  [5]Smith JL, Evans DH.Comparison of four methods for distinguishing doppler signals from gaseous and particulate emboli.Stroke,1998,29:1133.�
  [6]Markus HS, Bland JM, Rose G, et al. How good in intercenter agreement in the identification of embolic signals in carotid artery disease.Stroke,1996,27:1249.�
  [7]Markus HS, Molloy J. Use of a decibel threshold in detecting Doppler embolic signals. Stroke,1997,28:692.�
  [8]Serena J, Segura T, Castellanos M, et al. Microembolic signal monitoring in hemispheric acute isehemic stroke a prospective study.Cerebrovas Dis,2000,10:278.�
  [9]Jansen C, Ramos L M,Heesewijk JP,et al. Impact of microembolism and hemodynamic changes in the brain during carotid endarterectomy.Stroke,1994,25(1):992-997.�
  [10]
  Castellanos M, Serena J, Segura T, et al. Atherosclerotic aortic arch plaques in cryptogenic stroke:a microembolic signal monitoring study.Eur Neurol,2001,45(3):145-150.�
  [11]Sitzer M, Mueller W, Siebler M. Plaque ulceration lumen thrombus are the main sources of cerebral microembolic in high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis.Stroke,1995,26(7):1231-1233.�
  [12]李燕,黄怀字,顾承志,等.100例微栓子阳性脑梗死患者的多因素分析.中国神经精神疾病杂志,2007,12(3):749- 751.�
  [13]祁风,余科,韦朝霞,等.短暂性脑缺血发作患者微栓子的监测.中华急诊医学杂志,2008,17(1):33-35.�
  [14]Gao s, Wong KS,Hansberg T,et al. Microembolic signal predicts recurrent cerebral ischemic events in acute stroke patients with middle cerebral artery stenosis.Stroke,2004,35(12):2832 -2836.�
  [15]Molina CA,Alvarez Sabin J, SCHONEWILLE W, et al. Cerebral microembolism in acute spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection Neurology,2000,55(11):1738-1740.�
  [16]Farhoudi M, Kermani S, Sadeghi-Bazargani H. Relatively higher norms of blood flow velocity of major intracranial arteries in North-West Iran. BMC Res Notes,2010,3:174.�
  [17]Markus HS, Mackinnon A. Asymptomatic embolization detected by Doppler ultrasound predicts stroke risk in symptomatic carotid artery stenosis.Stroke,2005,36(5):971-975.
  

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