骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折 经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折

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  [摘要] 目的:评估经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的疗效,总结经皮椎体成形术的手术经验。方法:2008年1月~2009年10月,对48例(59椎)骨质疏松性压缩性骨折,在C型臂辅助下经单侧椎弓根入路行经皮椎体成形术,评价术后48 h疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scales, VAS)。结果:48例患者VAS评分较术前显著降低。结论:单侧椎弓根入路行经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折疗效可靠,C臂实时监测下适量的骨水泥注入,可确保手术的安全性。
  [关键词] 经皮椎体成形术;骨质疏松;椎体压缩性骨折;治疗
  [中图分类号] R68 [文献标识码]A[文章编号]1674-4721(2011)02(c)-020-03
  
  Percutaneous vertebroplasty for the treatment osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures
  YANG Hongqi, LEI Qing, CHEN Li, REN Chaohui
  (Department of Orthopaedic, the Third Hospital of Changsha City, Hunan Province, Changsha 410015, China)
  [Abstract] Objective: To evaluate percutaneous vertebroplasty treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, percutaneous vertebroplasty summarize the surgical experience. Methods: January 2008 to October 2009, 48 patients (59 vertebrae) of osteoporotic compression fractures, assisted in the C-arm approach by unilateral percutaneous pedicle vertebroplasty, the evaluation technique 48 hours after the pain visual analog scale (visual analogue scales, VAS). Results: 48 patients were compared with preoperative VAS score was significantly reduced. Results: 48 patients were compared with preoperative VAS score was significantly reduced. Conclusion: The unilateral transpedicular approach for treatment of percutaneous vertebroplasty in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures and reliable, C-arm under the right amount of real-time monitoring of bone cement injection, to ensure the safety of surgery.
  [Key words] Percutaneous vertebroplasty; Osteoporosis; Vertebral compression fractures; Treatment
  
  随着社会的老龄化,骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的发生日益常见。2008年1月~2009年10月,本科对收治的骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折患者中的48例(59椎)行经皮椎体成形术,取得了较好的疗效,现报道如下:
  1 资料与方法
  1.1 一般资料
  本组48例,女39例,男9例,年龄55~82岁,平均68岁。伤因:走路滑倒32例,公汽刹车摔伤6例,无明显诱因4例,外伤撞击2例,交通事故伤2例,弯腰1例,晕厥摔倒1例。临床表现为腰背部疼痛,翻身时疼痛加重。X线片均示椎体楔形变,椎体CT平扫均示椎体骨折,骨密度测定示骨质疏松。其中38例为单椎体损伤,9例为2个椎体损伤,1例为3个椎体损伤。伤椎部位:胸椎23个,腰椎36个;其中,T10 1个,T11 5个,T12 17个,L11 15个,L2 12个,L3 7个,L4 2个。
  1.2 手术方法
  患者俯卧位,连续硬膜外麻醉生效后,常规消毒,铺单,C型臂监测下,定位椎体左侧(或压缩较严重侧)椎弓根,打入10G的骨穿针致椎体前1/3处,调骨水泥至牙膏状时,在C型臂监测下缓慢注入骨水泥。旋转后拔出穿刺针管,包扎伤口,术毕。每个椎体注入骨水泥量为1~4 ml,平均(2.88±0.62) ml。
  1.3 疗效评定
  本组患者分别于术前及术后48 h行VAS(visual analog scale)评分, 0分为无痛,10分为最剧烈疼痛。
  1.4 统计学处理
  统计学软件采用SPSS 14.0数据结果均以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,计量资料采用配对t检验。
  2 结果
  本组患者均获随访,随访时间为1~30个月,平均12个月。48例患者术后疼痛均明显缓解。术前VAS评分为(7.14±0.92)分,术后48 h VAS评分为(0.60±0.64)分,与治疗前比较,P   3.3 手术经验
  3.3.1 穿刺方法大多数情况下提倡经双侧椎弓根注射骨水泥行PVP术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折[7-8]。临床[9]和体外[10-11]生物力学试验都表明单侧椎弓根入路和双侧椎弓根入路同样有效。在椎体有裂隙的患者中用单侧椎弓根入路,因为骨水泥一般能分布到整个裂隙。单侧椎弓根入路能节约时间和降低费用,对患者创伤更小[12]。本组患者均采用单侧穿刺,左侧椎弓根穿刺,或压缩较严重侧椎弓根,或椎弓根直径较大侧穿刺,斜行进针,穿刺针于侧位片达椎体前1/3,正位片位于椎体中部,这样使骨水泥在椎体内较均匀地分布。术中掌握好进针角度,防止穿破椎弓根内侧壁,以免损伤硬膜囊,脊髓及神经根。
  3.3.2 骨水泥注入量PVP用多大量的骨水泥更为适宜,目前尚无定论。Belkoff SM等[13]的尸体研究结论为腰椎、胸腰段及胸椎各椎体至少需要4.4、3.1 和2.5 ml骨水泥才能恢复椎体的强度。Cotton A等[14]认为颈椎注射量平均为2.5 ml、胸椎5.5 ml、腰椎7.0 ml 。Belkoff SM等[15]在实验中发现,治疗骨质疏松性骨折椎体的最小有效量是2 ml,但仅仅恢复好的强度。Jensen ME等[16]显示,在骨质疏松性椎体中,有效体积可能有很大不同(2.2~11.0 ml)。Liebschner MA等[17]认为,每个椎体注射的骨水泥只需达到椎体的15%,其硬度即可恢复到损伤前的水平。该组病例单个椎体注入骨水泥量为1~4 ml,平均(2.88±0.62) ml,术后疼痛均明显缓解。由此可见,术中不必盲目追求骨水泥的注入量。
  3.3.3 并发症的预防尽管PVP是微创手术,但也有一些并发症,PVP的并发症有局部感染、椎弓根骨折、骨水泥渗漏、肺脉栓塞等。最严重的并发症是水泥渗漏至椎管压迫神经成份及脊髓时导致截瘫,需紧急手术干预。一些医生喜欢在注入骨水泥前先用造影剂行静脉造影,以避免静脉栓塞[18]。Cortet B等[19]陈述骨水泥体积的控制似乎是避免并发症的最关键点,因为过量的骨水泥注入不仅能导致骨水泥渗漏,而且也能导致治疗失败。Nicandro FigueiredoI等[20]使用新的侧方开口的套管能显著减少骨水泥渗漏,这使得骨水泥更好地注入到椎体中央,提高了手术的安全性,没有增加成本,但未见进一步临床应用的报道。
  本组严格掌握适应证,术前均用CT评价椎体后壁骨连续性的中断以避免骨水泥通过骨中断处进入椎管。术中骨水泥在面团期在C型臂监测下注入,一旦发现骨水泥分布至椎体后部时,即停止注射骨水泥。一般一次手术不超过3个椎体。术后监测患者双下肢感觉、运动,复查腰椎正侧位片,必要时复查腰椎CT,一旦出现神经症状,且影像学支持骨水泥渗漏,应立即行急诊椎管探查。该组病例术后腰椎CT示8例9个椎体椎体后缘骨水泥渗漏,腰椎侧位片示18例20个椎体出现针道骨水泥渗漏,均无神经损伤的症状。
  笔者认为,PVP具有微创,能迅速缓解VCF疼痛症状,使患者早期下床活动,改善患者生活质量的优点。PVP治疗VCF疗效可靠,单侧椎弓根穿刺,C型臂实时监测下适量的骨水泥注入,可确保手术的安全性。
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  (收稿日期:2010-12-16)

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